Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwemishini yenethiwekhi namathuluzi ayo abalulekile

PCHardwarePro » Windows » Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwemishini yenethiwekhi namathuluzi ayo abalulekile

Ezindaweni ze-IT zanamuhla, lapho konke kwenzeka khona kunethiwekhi, ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwemishini yenethiwekhi namathuluzi okuhle okuxilonga Akuseyona into eyengeziwe; kuyisidingo sansuku zonke. Kusukela ku-PC encane enamandla nethule esebenza njengobuchopho benethiwekhi yasekhaya, kuya kuzixazululo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqapha ezisekelwe ekugelezeni, konke kusiza ukugcina ithrafikhi ilawulwa futhi kugwenywe izimanga.

Uma ungumlawuli wezinhlelo, umphathi wengqalasizinda, noma nje unesibopho sokwenza i-inthanethi isebenze enhlanganweni yakho, kuzodingeka uqonde ukuthi lezi zinto zihlangana kanjani. amathuluzi okuhlaziya inethiwekhi, isitokwe sempahla, imiyalo yokuxilonga, kanye nezinqubo zokuxazulula izinkingaEmigqeni elandelayo uzothola umhlahlandlela ophelele ohlanganisa zonke lezi zinto, osekelwa yizibonelo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixazululo zangempela ezisetshenziswa ezinkampanini zabo bonke osayizi.

Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwemishini yokuxhumana: isibonelo se-Slimbook One mini PC

Indawo enhle yokuqala yokuxoxa ngokuhlaziywa kwemishini yenethiwekhi ukubheka idivayisi ethile, njenge I-Slimbook One mini PC, ikhompyutha encane kodwa enamandla kakhulu eyenzelwe izindawo zasekhaya ezithuthukisiwe, amahhovisi amancane, noma izindawo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona ukusebenza okuphezulu endaweni encane.

Le PC encane ineprosesa I-AMD Ryzen 7 8845HS, i-CPU esezingeni eliphezulu yemisebenzi enzima njengokwenziwa kwe-virtualization okulula, izinsizakalo zenethiwekhi, ukuhlanganiswa kwesofthiwe, noma ukuhlela okuqukethwe. Into ethakazelisayo ukuthi inikeza la mandla ngesimo esincane, afanele ukufakwa ngemuva kwesibonisi, egumbini lomhlangano, noma erekhini lokushintsha lapho i-intshi ngayinye ibalwa khona.

Ngokuphathelene nenkumbulo, i-Slimbook One ivumela Nweba i-RAM ibe yi-96 GB DDR5, eyanele imishini eminingi ebonakalayoIziqukathi ze-Docker, izinsizakalo ezihambisanayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisindayo ezisebenza ngasikhathi sinye. Endaweni yenethiwekhi, lokhu kuhunyushwa ekubeni nokukwazi ukuba, emshinini owodwa: iseva yokuqapha, iseva yelogi, i-firewall yesofthiwe, uhlelo lokuhlola, ngisho nelebhu yokuhlola enama-VM ahlukene.

Indawo yokugcina izinto nayo yanele, njengoba ine izikhala ezimbili zamadrayivu e-NVMe 4.0Lokhu kuvumela ukucushwa kokufunda nokubhala okusheshayo kakhulu. Unganikezela idrayivu eyodwa ye-NVMe ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile (isibonelo, iseva yokuhlaziya ithrafikhi noma i-SIEM elula) kanye nenye ekugcineni idatha yomlando, ama-backups okucushwa kwedivayisi yenethiwekhi, noma ukubanjwa kwamaphakethe okuhlaziywa kwe-forensic.

Elinye lamaphuzu ayo abaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iyi- imishini ethule ngempela ngisho noma ingaphansi komthwaloLokhu kubalulekile uma i-PC encane iseduze nomsebenzisi noma ehhovisi elincane: ungaba nezinsizakalo zenethiwekhi ezisebenza amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyi-7 ngesonto ngaphandle komsindo wabalandeli oyinkinga, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu njenge-"node yokubona ehlala ivuliwe".

Ngokuphathelene nezinhlelo zokusebenza, i-Slimbook One inikeza Ukuhambisana okuhle kakhulu nokusatshalaliswa okukhulu kwe-Linux njenge-Debian, Ubuntu, noma i-Slimbook OS uqobo, eklanyelwe futhi yathuthukiswa ukuze ihambisane nehadiwe yomkhiqizo. Kulabo abasadinga i-Windows 11 ezimweni ezithile, idivayisi ivumela ukufakwa kwayo kalula, ivula umnyango wokuqalisa okubili noma indawo exubile enamathuluzi endabuko e-Linux ne-Windows.

Iyini ngempela ithuluzi lokuhlaziya inethiwekhi?

Ngale kwezingxenye zokusebenza abasebenzisa kuzo, Amathuluzi okuhlaziya inethiwekhi ayizinhlelo zokusebenza eziqoqa, zicubungule, futhi zethule ulwazi lwethrafikhi ukuze umphathi akwazi ukuqonda okwenzekayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Umsebenzi wabo ukunikeza ukubonakala: ngaphandle kwabo, inethiwekhi iyibhokisi elimnyama lapho kubonakala khona izimpawu kuphela, hhayi izimbangela.

Lezi zinto zenzeka nsuku zonke kunoma iyiphi inethiwekhi yezinkampani. izinkulungwane noma izigidi zokuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nabasebenzisiUkuthola ukuthi ubani osebenzisa i-bandwidth eningi kakhulu, ukuthi iyiphi insizakalo ebangela ukwanda kwethrafikhi, noma ukuthi kukhona yini ukuziphatha okusolisayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwesofthiwe ekhethekile ehlaziya ithrafikhi ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukuze kwakhiwe lowo mbono ocacile wendawo ezungezile, ikhambi lokuhlaziya inethiwekhi liyaqoqa futhi lihlole amaphuzu edatha ahlukahlukene ethrafikhi, phakathi kwabo:

• Ithrafikhi ngokwemvelaphi (i-IP yomthombo, i-subnet, umsebenzisi noma idivayisi).
• Ithrafikhi ngokuya ngendawo oya kuyo (iseva, isevisi yamafu, ingxenye ekude).
• Ithrafikhi ngephrothokholi (I-TCP, i-UDP, i-ICMP, amaphrothokholi okuqondisa, njll.).
• Ithrafikhi ngesicelo (I-HTTP/HTTPS, i-VoIP, ukusakaza, i-VPN, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-SaaS, njll.).

Ngale datha, isofthiwe yokuhlaziya ingakwazi bala izitayela zokusetshenziswa kwe-bandwidth, thola amaphethini aphindaphindayoKusiza ekuboneni ukuthi ithrafikhi isemthethweni nini nokuthi kunini lapho kungaba ukuhlasela noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezinsiza. Kuphinde kusize ekuhleleni ukwanda, ukubeka phambili izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile, kanye nokulungisa izinqubomgomo zekhwalithi yesevisi (QoS).

Kungani amathuluzi okuhlaziya inethiwekhi edingeka kangaka?

Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwezinsizakalo zedijithali, Leli thuluzi lokuhlaziya inethiwekhi lithatha ukuqapha liye ezingeni eliphambili kakhulu. Akusanele ukumane "ubone ukuthi i-ping iyaphendula." Ukwazi ukuthi idivayisi ivuliwe akusanele: kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi isebenzisa kanjani inethiwekhi nokuthi ibathinta kanjani bonke abanye.

Ukuphazamiseka kwethrafikhi akuzona njalo izihlaselo; ngezinye izikhathi kuba Izikhathi zokusetshenziswa eziphakeme kakhulu, izithiyo eziqala ukwakheka noma amaphutha okucushwa abangela ukudluliselwa kabusha kanye nokulahleka kwephakethe. Ukuthola lezi zimpawu kusenesikhathi kukuvumela ukuthi ulindele izinkinga ezinkulu zokusebenza noma ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukungasebenzi kwesevisi.

Isixazululo sokuhlaziya inethiwekhi esiwusizo ngempela kumele sinikeze umbono ophelele wazo zonke izinto ezixhunyiwe: amadivayisi enethiwekhi (amaswishi, ama-router, ama-firewall, abalawuli be-WLAN), izinhlelo zokusebenza, izixhumi ezibonakalayo nezibonakalayo, amakheli e-IP omthombo nendawo oya kuyo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ngisho nolwazi lwendawo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi yiziphi izindawo lapho ithrafikhi ivela khona.

Phakathi kwamakhono amancane okufanele adingeke ethuluzini lalolu hlobo, lawo avumela ukugcina inethiwekhi ithuthukisiwe futhi iphephile nsuku zonke:

• Thola futhi uxazulule izinkinga zokusebenza (ukubambezeleka okuphezulu, ukulahlekelwa, imigqa egcwele).
• Thola futhi ugweme izithiyo ze-bandwidth ngaphambi kokuba zithinte abasebenzisi.
• Thola izinsongo zokuphepha zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni okungajwayelekile.
• Thola ukungena, ukuskena, kanye nokugeleza okungavamile lokho akufanele kube khona.
• Buka imithombo eyinhloko yethrafikhi kanye nezingxoxo ezisindayo kakhulu.
• Gada umkhawulokudonsa, isivinini esisebenzayo, kanye nokutholakala kwesixhumanisi.

I-NetFlow Analyzer: isibonelo somhlaziyi wethrafikhi osuselwe ekugelezeni

Ngaphakathi komndeni wamathuluzi okuqapha, I-NetFlow Analyzer iyisibonelo esicacile sezixazululo ezisekelwe ekugelezeniIsebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-NetFlow, i-sFlow, i-IPFIX kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezinikezwa ama-router nama-switch ukuze yazi ukuthi ubani okhuluma nobani, kangakanani futhi kanjani.

Lolu hlobo lwethuluzi lugxile ekuphenduleni “ubani”, “nini” kanye “nani” lethrafikhiIkhomba ukuthi yiliphi ikheli le-IP noma umsebenzisi odala ithrafikhi, ukuthi kwenzeka nini ukuphakama, nokuthi yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza noma iphrothokholi engemuva kwayo. Ukuze yenze lokhu, ihlaziya wonke amadivayisi kanye nezixhumi zawo, kanye nekheli ngalinye lomthombo nelendawo, yakha isithombe sangempela sokuziphatha kwenethiwekhi.

I-NetFlow Analyzer inquma yonke imfucuza edlula kwingqalasizinda kanye ikhomba amaphethini okuziphatha ajwayelekile kanye nokuphambukaNgaleso sisekelo, kulula ukuhlukanisa ukwanda okusemthethweni kokusetshenziswa (isibonelo, isipele esihleliwe) ekuhlaselweni kokunqatshwa kwenkonzo noma ukukhishwa kwedatha.

Enye yezinzuzo zayo ezingokoqobo ubuningi be- amashadi nemibiko engenziwa ngezifiso Inikeza. Umphathi angaqala ngemibiko ejwayelekile (nge-interface, izinhlelo zokusebenza, izingxoxo, njll.) bese elungisa izihlungi ukuze zigxile kumsebenzisi othile, i-VLAN, noma ububanzi bekheli.

Iphaneli eyinhloko inikeza Ideshibhodi yesifinyezo enamashadi ayisihluthulelo kanye nohlelo lwe-alamu olusekelwe kumkhawulo. Uma i-metric iphambuka kulokho okujwayelekile (isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwechweba okungavamile noma ukwanda kwethrafikhi ephumayo), ithuluzi likhiqiza isexwayiso ukuze inkinga inganakwa.

Ukubonakala okuthuthukisiwe: i-WLAN, imidiya, kanye ne-WAN

Ngaphezu kwethrafikhi yendabuko enezintambo, ikhambi lalolu hlobo kumele lihlinzeke ukubonakala kumanethiwekhi angenantambo kanye nezinsizakalo zemidiyaokubaluleke kakhulu ebhizinisini namuhla. I-NetFlow Analyzer, isibonelo, ingaqapha abalawuli be-WLAN ukuze ikhiphe izibalo zokusetshenziswa kwe-bandwidth ezihlobene nama-SSID, izindawo zokufinyelela, ama-QoS, njll.

Ngale datha kungenzeka thola ngokushesha ukuthi iyiphi indawo yokufinyelela egcwele kakhuluYiliphi i-SSID elithwala ithrafikhi eningi noma lapho kwenzeka khona ukuphazamiseka phakathi kweziteshi. Ezindaweni ezinabasebenzisi abaningi be-Wi-Fi, lokhu kubonakala kwenza umehluko phakathi kokuba nenethiwekhi esebenzisekayo kanye nokuphazamiseka kokunqamuka okungapheli.

Ngokuphathelene nabezindaba, i-VoIP, kanye nethrafikhi yevidiyo, ithuluzi lisiza qapha izici ezithinta ikhwalithi yesipiliyoni njengokujitha, ukubambezeleka, ukulahleka kwephakethe, noma ukungalingani phakathi kwemigqa ye-QoS. Lokhu kuvumela amazinga angcono enkonzo ukuthi aqinisekiswe kumakholi, izingqungquthela zevidiyo, kanye nezikhathi ezibalulekile ezikude.

Ezingeni le-WAN, ikhambi livumela qapha ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasayithi ngokusebenzisa izilinganiso zesikhathi sokubuya nokubuya (RTT), okwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi inkinga yokusebenza ivela kumhlinzeki, isixhumanisi esithile, noma ukungalungiselelwa kahle kwangaphakathi.

Ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi: ukutholwa kwe-anomaly kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-forensic

Ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi akusizi nje kuphela ekusebenzeni; futhi kuyisici insika ebalulekile yokuphepha ngoba isebenza njengenzwa yamahora angu-24 ngosuku, izinsuku ezingu-7 ngesontoI-analyzer elungiselelwe kahle ihlala ivuliwe njalo, iqapha ithrafikhi, ibona ukungena, iqaphe ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, futhi ikhiqize izexwayiso zesikhathi sangempela lapho kukhona okungahambi kahle.

Ezimweni zezehlakalo, ulwazi lomlando oluqoqwe lusebenza njenge- ithuluzi lokuhlaziya ubugebengu ukuthola umenzi wobubiUkwakha kabusha izinyathelo ezithathiwe nokuhlonza ukuthi yimiphi imishini noma idatha ethintekile kusheshisa impendulo futhi kuthuthukisa ikhono lokuvala izikhala.

I-NetFlow Analyzer ifaka, isibonelo, i- umbiko wokubikezela komkhawulokudonsa okusiza ukubikezela ukwanda kwethrafikhi yesikhathi esizayo kanye nezithiyo ezingaba khona. Kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu yi-Advanced Security Analysis Module yayo (ASAM), ekwazi ukubona ukuhlaselwa okuye kwakwazi ukudlula i-firewall yendabuko.

Le module ikhomba Izinsongo ezifana nokuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS, ama-botnet, noma ama-probe ngokubhekisela kudatha yomlando neyesikhathi sangempela. Ngenxa yemibiko yayo ye-forensic, umphathi angafunda izehlakalo ezedlule futhi abone ukuthi zithinte kanjani ukusebenza okuphelele, ukuthi yiziphi izithasiselo ezisetshenzisiwe, nokuthi angaqinisa kanjani ukuzivikela.

Ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi kanye nokwenza ngcono i-QoS

Ukuze inethiwekhi isebenze ngempela, i-bandwidth eyengeziwe ayanele; idinga yabela ngokuhlakanipha, ibeka phambili izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ebhizinisiniYilapho amathuluzi okuhlaziya angena khona, akuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise ithrafikhi ngohlelo lokusebenza, umsebenzisi, noma uhlobo lwesevisi.

I-NetFlow Analyzer, isibonelo, ingakwazi Thola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa izinsiza eziningi kunalokho obekulindelwe. (ukulanda okukhulu, ukusakaza okungeyona eyenkampani, ukusekela ngokulondoloza okuhleliwe kahle) futhi kubonise umthelela wabo ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngalolu lwazi, umphathi wenethiwekhi angakha kabusha ithrafikhi futhi alungise izinqubomgomo ze-QoS.

Ukuphathwa kwe-QoS ngesikhathi sangempela kuhilela Shintsha imigqa, izinto eziza kuqala, kanye nemithetho Ithuluzi lingasetshenziswa ngokushesha uma lithola ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza olubucayi (i-ERP, i-CRM, i-VoIP) luyahlupheka ngenxa yethrafikhi engabalulekile kangako. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithuluzi lisiza ukuqinisekisa lezi zinqubomgomo lisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Cisco CBQoS, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngabe umklamo uyalandelwa ngempela.

Ukuqapha okusatshalaliswe kwezinhlangano ezinkulu

Ezinkampanini ezinezindawo eziningi, amagatsha akude, kanye nezikhungo zedatha ezihlakazekile, ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi kuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ihhovisi ngalinye linethrafikhi yalo, izixhumanisi, kanye nezici zalo ezihlukile, okwenza kube kubalulekile ukuba... isisombululo sokuqapha esisatshalalisiwe kodwa esiphethwe kusuka ku-console ephakathi.

Inguqulo ye-Enterprise ye-NetFlow Analyzer yenzelwe lezi zimo kanye nezipesheli ukusabalala kufikela kumashumi ezinkulungwane zokugeleza ngomzuzwanaLokhu kuhlanganisa ulwazi oluvela ezindaweni ezahlukene lube yi-interface ehlangene. Lokhu kuvumela ithimba le-IT ukuthi libuke impilo yenethiwekhi yonke yezinkampani zomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokugxuma phakathi kwezinhlelo ezihlukanisiwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithuluzi liyahambisana ne amafomethi amakhulu okugeleza kwemakethe (NetFlow, sFlow, cflow, J-Flow, FNF, IPFIX, NetStream, Appflow) kanye namadivayisi avela kubakhiqizi abanjengoCisco, Juniper, HP, Extreme, nabanye abaningi. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini ehlukahlukene epulatifomu eyodwa yokuhlaziya.

Isitokwe senethiwekhi: isisekelo sanoma yikuphi ukuhlaziywa okungathi sína

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlaziye, sidinga ukwazi ukuthi yini esinayo. Isitokwe senethiwekhi inqubo yokuthola nokufaka ohlwini wonke amadivayisi axhunyiweAma-PC, amaseva, ama-router, amaswishi, izindawo zokufinyelela, amaphrinta, izinto zokuphepha, njll. Kungase kubonakale kulula, kodwa kuyisisekelo lapho ukuphathwa kwempahla nokuphepha kwakhelwe khona.

Isitokwe esilula kakhulu yi- Uhlu lwamadivayisi anekheli le-IP, igama, nohloboKodwa-ke, lapho ukuskena kujula futhi amalungelo okufinyelela ephakama, kulapho idatha eningi ingaqoqwa khona: isofthiwe efakiwe, ukulungiswa okusetshenzisiwe kanye nama-patches, izinombolo zochungechunge, umlando woshintsho, kanye nokucushwa okuningiliziwe.

Isofthiwe enhle yokugcina impahla iyasiza gcina irekhodi elisesikhathini lempahla yenethiwekhiLokhu kubalulekile ezindaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu lokwengezwa, ukususwa, kanye nezinguquko. Lo mbono ophelele unciphisa ukumangala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ugwema izindleko ezingadingekile kumalayisense aphindaphindwayo, futhi usiza ekulandelweni kwemithetho.

Ensimini yesofthiwe, amathuluzi okugcina impahla avumela lawula ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwamalayisenseUkwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwa kukhompyutha ngayinye kanye nokuthola ukufakwa okungagunyaziwe kubalulekile. Ukuphathwa kwelayisensi ehlanganisiwe kunciphisa ingozi yezijeziso futhi kusiza nokuvimbela ukulahleka kwedatha okuhlobene nesofthiwe engaphephile noma engasekelwe.

Amathuluzi okuxilonga inethiwekhi: imiyalo ebalulekile

Ngaphezu kwamapulatifomu amakhulu, noma yimuphi umphathi uthembele eqoqweni le- imiyalo yokuxilonga yakudala esebenza ngemizuzwana Futhi zifakwa kusengaphambili ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza. Azinawo umbukiso wezithombe, kodwa zisabalulekile emsebenzini wansuku zonke.

Phakathi kwazo, kugqama imiyalo eyisikhombisa ekufanelekelayo ukuyiqonda, njengoba Zikuvumela ukuthi uhlole izinkinga eziyisisekelo zokuxhumana:

• ping ukuhlola ukubambezeleka kanye nokufinyeleleka.
• i-tracert/traceroute ukulandelela amaphakheji.
• indlela ukuhlanganisa i-ping kanye ne-traceroute.
• ipconfig/ifconfig ukuze ubuke ukucushwa kwe-IP yendawo.
• nslookup ukuthola izinkinga ze-DNS.
• netstat ukuze ubuke ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi kanye nezibalo.
• umzila ukuze ubuyekeze noma ushintshe amathebula okuqondisa.

Umyalo i-ping ithumela izicelo ze-ICMP echo kumphathi futhi ithola idatha yokubuyela nokubuya. Ikuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuthi idivayisi ingafinyeleleka yini, ukubambezeleka okulinganiselwe, nokuthi kukhona yini ukulahleka kwephakethe. Kuhle njengokuhlolwa kokuqala lapho umsebenzisi ethi "i-inthanethi yakhe ayisebenzi."

cunt i-tracert (Windows) noma i-traceroute (Linux/Unix) Ungabona wonke ama-hops aphakathi nendawo iphakethe elihamba ngawo lisuka emthonjeni liye endaweni eliya kuyo, ubhale amakheli e-IP e-router ngayinye endleleni. Lokhu kusiza ukukhomba lapho ukuxhumana kuphazamiseka khona noma ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye eletha ukubambezeleka okukhulu.

Umyalo i-pathping (iWindows kuphela) ihlanganisa ukusebenza kwe-ping kanye ne-tracertIthumela amaphakethe ku-hop ngayinye futhi ibika ukubambezeleka nokulahlekelwa kuyo ngayinye, okwenza kube lula ukubona ama-router anenkinga. Iphinde ikuvumele ukuthi ulungise amapharamitha afana nenani eliphezulu lama-hop noma isikhathi sokuvala phakathi kokuhlolwa.

cunt i-ipconfig (Windows) noma i-ifconfig (Linux/macOS) Ungahlola ikheli le-IP lama-interface akho, i-subnet mask, kanye ne-gateway ezenzakalelayo, phakathi kweminye imininingwane. Iyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi inokulungiswa kwenethiwekhi okuhambisana nendawo yayo.

Umyalo I-nslookup isetshenziselwa ukuphenya izinkinga zokuxazulula i-DNSIkuvumela ukuthi ubuze amarekhodi esizinda (A, MX, njll.), uthole ukuthi ikhomba kuyiphi i-IP, futhi uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe kuseva ye-DNS, olubalulekile uma usebenzisa i-ping nge-IP kodwa hhayi ngegama lesizinda.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-netstat ibonisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo, ama-listening ports, kanye namathebula okuhambisakanye nezibalo zokusetshenziswa kwephrothokholi. Kuwusizo kakhulu ekuboneni izinsizakalo ezilalele kuma-port angalindelekile noma ukuxhumana kwangaphandle okusolisayo.

Ekugcineni, umyalo `umzila` usetshenziselwa ukubuka nokuguqula ithebula lomzila lesistimu.Ngayo, ungangeza, ususe, noma ushintshe izindlela ezimile, kanye nokuhlanza okufakiwe okuphelelwe yisikhathi. Kwezinye izabelo, udinga ukufaka amaphakheji engeziwe (njenge-net-tools ku-Debian/Ubuntu) ukuze usebenzise lesi sici esivamile.

Amathuluzi okuxilonga athuthukisiwe: kusukela ku-Wireshark kuya ku-Nmap

Imiyalo yekhonsoli ilungele ukubukeka kokuqala, kodwa ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu udinga amathuluzi ezithombe athuthukile kanye namapulatifomu okuqapha enemisebenzi ethile yokusebenza, ukuphepha, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwephakethe okujulile.

Enye yezinto ezaziwa kakhulu yi- I-Uptrends Uptime MonitorSigxile ekuqapheni okuqhubekayo kwamawebhusayithi nezinsizakalo, lesi sixazululo sihlola ezindaweni eziningi ukuthi amakhasi akho, ama-API, noma amaseva aphendula kahle yini, futhi uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka, Ikhiqiza izexwayiso ezikusiza ukuthi usabele ngokushesha. ukwazi ukuthi inkinga isendaweni noma isakazeke kabanzi.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa kwephakheji okuningiliziwe kakhulu, ireferensi ithi I-Wireshark, i-analyzer yethrafikhi yomthombo ovulekile Itholakala ku-Linux, Windows, macOS, nakwezinye izinhlelo. Ikuvumela ukuthi uthwebule ithrafikhi ebukhoma, uhlukanise izendlalelo zephrothokholi, futhi uhlunge nge-IP, imbobo, iphrothokholi, noma inkambu ethile ukuze ubone ukuthi yini ngempela ejikeleza kunethiwekhi.

Emkhakheni wamanethiwekhi angenantambo, I-WiFi Explorer ye-macOS iyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu Iskena amanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi, ibona ukugqagqana kweziteshi, izinkinga zesignali, ukuphazamiseka, kanye nokucushwa okungqubuzanayo. Iphinde ibonise imininingwane efana namakheli e-MAC, umenzi, amandla esignali, umsindo, kanye nolwazi lwesiteshi ngasinye.

Ukuze kuklanywe ngendlela enengqondo inethiwekhi, abaphathi abaningi basebenzisa izibali ze-subnet kanye ne-IPNakuba ama-masks angabalwa ngesandla, la mathuluzi asindisa isikhathi futhi anciphisa amaphutha lapho ehlela ama-subnet, enikeza ama-range, futhi ebhala phansi uhlelo lokufaka amakheli.

Ezindaweni ezixubile noma zamafu, izixazululo ezifana Ukuqapha ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi ye-Datadog Zikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngeso lengqondo ukuhamba kwethrafikhi phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, izitsha, izindawo zokutholakala, kanye nezikhungo zedatha. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthola izithiyo kuzakhiwo ezisatshalalisiwe futhi kuhlobaniswe amamethrikhi enethiwekhi nemicimbi yohlelo lokusebenza.

Enye i-classic emhlabeni we-Linux/Unix yile I-Nagios, ipulatifomu yokuqapha eqhubekayo Ihlola isimo sama-host, amasevisi, amaswishi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nezizindalwazi (njenge-SQL noma i-Oracle), ikhiqiza izexwayiso ezilungisekayo lapho okuthile kuyeka ukuphendula noma kwehla.

Okokugcina, amathuluzi afana I-Nmap (Network Mapper) isiza ukuthola imishini nezinsizakalo kunethiwekhiNgokuskena ama-port, kukhomba ukuthi yimaphi amadivayisi axhunyiwe, yiziphi izinhlelo ezisebenza kuwo, nokuthi yimaphi ama-port avuliwe, futhi kuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluwusizo lokuhlola indawo yokuhlasela nokuvala izinsizakalo ezingadingekile.

Izinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokuxazulula izinkinga zenethiwekhi

Noma ngabe amathuluzi amahle kangakanani, usadinga indlela yokusebenza ehlelekile yokuxazulula izigameko zenethiwekhiIndlela evamile ihilela izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa okufanele zihlale zikhunjulwa, yize zingashintshwa ukuze zivumelane nesimo ngasinye.

Isinyathelo sokuqala uku thola futhi uqonde inkinga kahleYiziphi izimpawu ezibonwayo, obani abathintekayo, kwaqala nini, futhi yiziphi izinsizakalo ezihilelekile? Uma ulwazi oluningi luqoqwa ekuqaleni, kuzoba lula ukuhlukanisa imbangela.

Okwesibili, kubalulekile dlulisela inkinga kubantu abafaneleikakhulukazi uma umthelela wayo usakazeke kabanzi. Ngezinye izikhathi ukwazisa ithimba le-IT kwanele; ezigamekweni ezibucayi, kungadingeka ukuxwayisa abathintekayo bebhizinisi ukuze bakwazi ukwenza izinqumo mayelana namafasitela okulungisa noma izinhlelo zesimo esiphuthumayo.

Isinyathelo sesithathu Ukuze kutholakale imbangela eyinhloko, kusetshenziswa izingodo, amagrafu, kanye nomlandoYilapho-ke lapho ukuzama nokuphutha kuvame ukusebenza khona: kubekwa umbono (isibonelo, izinkinga ze-DNS, ukwehluleka kwesixhumanisi se-WAN, ukugcwala kweswishi) bese kuqinisekiswa noma kulahlwa ngokuhlolwa okulawulwayo ukuze kungenzeki isimo sibe sibi kakhulu.

Uma imbangela isitholakele, isinyathelo sesine siyaqala: chaza ikhambi elithile bese ulihlola endaweni elinganiselweLokhu kungaba ushintsho lokucushwa, isibuyekezo se-firmware, ukulungiswa kwe-QoS, noma ukushintshwa kwehadiwe. Isihluthulelo ukunciphisa ubungozi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungiswa kuyasebenza ngaphambi kokukusebenzisa.

Isinyathelo sesihlanu siqukethe ukusebenzisa ikhambi engqalasizinda yangempelaKungcono ngezigaba futhi, lapho kungenzeka, ngesikhathi sewindi elinomthelela omncane. Izinto eziza kuqala ebhizinisini kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha izinguquko zangaphakathi zizonquma ijubane lokufakwa.

Uma inkinga isixazululiwe, isinyathelo sesithupha siyafika: bhala phansi yonke inqubo, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleniLo mbhalo uzoba usizo kakhulu uma kwenzeka isigameko esifanayo esikhathini esizayo noma lapho kudingeka ukuchazela abahloli bamabhuku nabaphathi okwenzekile.

Ekugcineni, isinyathelo sesikhombisa hlaziya ukwenzeka komkhuhlane bese udweba izifundoInhloso ukuhlola ukuthi ngabe kutholakale yini kusenesikhathi, ukuthi ngabe bekukhona yini izexwayiso ezingekho, ukuthi ngabe ukwakheka kungenziwa yini kube namandla kakhulu, noma ngabe kuyalulekwa yini ukwethula izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela ukuze kugwenywe ukuthi kuphinde kwenzeke.

Izindlela ezivamile nezinkinga ezivame kakhulu zenethiwekhi

Uma kukhulunywa ngokuxazulula izinkinga, kunezindlela eziningana Izindlela zokwenza izinto ezisiza ukugwema ukulahleka phakathi kwesigamekoEnye ewusizo kakhulu "indlela yokuthola umehluko": ingxenye esebenzayo iqhathaniswa neyahlulekayo, futhi umehluko uyasuswa kuze kutholakale imbangela.

Enye indlela indlela ye- "Ukuhambisa indlela yenkinga"Lokhu kuhilela ukuhambisa noma ukushintshanisa izingxenye ezisolisayo (izintambo, amachweba, imishini) ukuze kubonakale ukuthi iphutha lihamba nazo yini. Uma kwenzeka, ingxenye yayiyimbangela yenkinga; uma kungenjalo, uphenyo luyaqhubeka kolunye uhla.

Iphinde ibe njalo indlela yokulandelela umzilaLokhu kuhilela ukulandelela indlela ethathwa yithrafikhi (kusuka kuklayenti kuya kuseva), ukuhlola isinyathelo ngesinyathelo lapho iphuka khona noma yonakala khona. Imiyalo efana ne-traceroute noma amathuluzi okuqapha ingabangane abaphelele kule ndlela.

Ekugcineni, i Indlela esekelwe kumodeli ye-OSI Ikumema ukuthi ubuyekeze izendlalelo kusukela phansi kuya phezulu (ezingokoqobo, isixhumanisi, inethiwekhi...) noma kusukela phezulu kuya phansi (uhlelo lokusebenza, isethulo...), ihlukanise ungqimba lapho ukwehluleka kuvela khona bese inciphisa ububanzi besenzo.

Empilweni yansuku zonke, izehlakalo eziningi zigxile ochungechungeni lwezigameko izinkinga zenethiwekhi ezivame kakhulu: amakheli e-IP aphindaphindiwe (amakhompyutha amabili ane-IP efanayo), ukukhathala kwe-DHCP pool, ukungakwazi ukuxhuma kwi-inthanethi ngenxa yokwehluleka kwe-router noma umhlinzeki, kanye nokusebenza okuphansi okubangelwa ukuminyana kwenethiwekhi noma izixhumanisi ezinganele.

Umlayezo othi “i-IP isivele isetshenziswa” uvame ukukhombisa Amakheli aphindaphindwayo alungiswa ngokushintsha ikheli le-IP noma ngokulungisa izilungiselelo ze-DHCP. Ukukhathala kwekheli kulungiswa ngokwandisa ububanzi obutholakalayo noma ukuhlela kabusha ikheli. Ukungakwazi ukuphequlula kubhekwana nakho, okokuqala, ngokuqala kabusha i-router nekhompyutha, bese kuhlolwa ama-tracert (nge-tracert) ukuze kunqunywe ukwehluleka kwehadiwe noma kwemigqa.

Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza okungekuhle, kungaba ngenxa yanoma yikuphi ukuminyana kwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwe-LAN uqobo njengemikhawulo ekuxhumaneni kwe-inthanethi. Kuye ngembangela, ikhambi lizobandakanya ukuthuthukisa ihadiwe yenethiwekhi, ukuhlela kabusha i-QoS, ukuhlukanisa inethiwekhi, noma ukuthola uxhumano olunamandla kakhulu.

Ukuqonda kahle indima yethuluzi ngalinye, kusukela ku-PC encane enkulu kuya kumapulatifomu okuhlaziya asekelwe ekugelezeni, kanye neqoqo elihlelekile, imiyalo yokuxilonga eqondiwe kahle, kanye nendlela yokuxazulula izinkinga, kuvumela noma yiliphi ithimba le-IT ukuthi ligcine amanethiwekhi alo ephilile, lilindele ukwehluleka, futhi linciphise kakhulu isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nezingozi zokuphepha.